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板凳
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發表于 2012-10-30 22:32
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本帖最后由 !感-杠-問? 于 2012-11-1 21:34 編輯
Commas逗號
Rule 1
To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more.
為了避免誤解，用逗號來隔斷單詞或詞組，以表示并列
Example:
My $10 million estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew.
Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split one-third of the estate.
Rule 2
Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them.
用于兩個形容詞之間，此時逗號可以用“and”替代
Examples:
He is a strong, healthy man.
We stayed at an expensive summer resort. You would not say expensive and summer resort, so no comma.
在上述句子的兩個形容詞間不能加逗號，因為此處不能用“and”替代逗號
Rule 3
Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives.
在以“ly”結尾的形容詞和之后其他形容詞之間加逗號
Examples:
Felix was a lonely, young boy.
I get headaches in brightly lit rooms. Brightly is not an adjective because it cannot be used alone with rooms; therefore, no comma is used between brightly and lit.
因為“brightly”不是形容詞（它不能用來直接形容“rooms”），因此不用在“brightly”和“lit”之間加逗號
Rule 4
Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed.
在直接稱呼某人的名字或職稱時，在其前（或左右兩邊）加入逗號
Examples:
Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me?
Yes, Doctor, I will.
NOTE: Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone.
注意：當用職稱稱呼人時，首字母大寫
Rule 5a
Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year.
在日期中，“日”與“年”之間加逗號，年份后加逗號
Example:
Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California.
Rule 5b
If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma.
在日期中，如果沒有“日”，年份前后都不用加逗號
Example:
They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley.
Rule 6
Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. If you use the two-letter capitalized form of a state in a document, you do not need a comma after the state.
在地點中，“城市名”與“州名”之間加逗號，“州名”后加逗號。但如果使用州的縮寫（兩個大寫字母），則其后不用加逗號
NOTE: With addresses on envelopes mailed via the post office, do not use any punctuation.
注意：在信封上，地址中不加任何標點
Examples:
I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years.
I lived in San Francisco, CA for 20 years.
Rule 7
Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longer required around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth.
當姓名后跟有頭銜時，頭銜左后兩邊加逗號。在“Jr.”和“Sr.”的左右兩邊不用加逗號。絕不要用逗號隔開“II”、“III”等羅馬數字。
Example:
Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny Jr. and Charles Starr III.
Rule 8
Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow.
用逗號隔開插入語
Example:
I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous about this.
Rule 9
When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weak clause.
弱分句后跟強分句時，之間加逗號。反之則不加。
Examples:
If you are not sure about this, let me know now.
Let me know now if you are not sure about this.
Rule 10
Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the phrase has fewer than three words, the comma is optional.
如果句子由短語開頭，當短語字數大于3字時，其后使用逗號。反之則可加可不加。
Examples:
To apply for this job, you must have previous experience.
On February 14 many couples give each other candy or flowers.
OR
On February 14, many couples give each other candy or flowers.
Rule 11
If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas.
如果某個事物已經很清楚，跟在其后的補充說明是不必要的，則補充說明的左右兩邊加逗號
Examples:
Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident. Freddy is named, so the description is not essential.
在這句句子中，“Freddy”的名字已經列出，所有其后的補充說明是不必要的
The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident. We do not know which boy is being referred to without further description; therefore, no commas are used.
在這句句子中，如果沒有補充說明，就不知道這個男孩到底是哪一個，因此不需要用逗號
Rule 12
Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction--and, or, but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short.
在并列連詞（“and”、“or”、“but”、“for”、“nor”等）連接的兩個強分句間，用逗號隔開。如果兩個分句是短句的話，可以省略逗號。
Examples:
I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the doors.I paint and he writes.
Rule 13
Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion.
為了避免誤解，可以在兩個句子之間加逗號
Examples:
I chose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice.
Rule 14
A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. A run-on sentence, which is incorrect, is created by joining two strong clauses without any punctuation.
“逗號連句”是錯誤的。所謂“逗號連句”即：在兩句強分句間，不使用連詞，而直接使用逗號的情況。這種情況下，應用分號或句號隔開兩個句子（分句）。而如果在兩個強分句間，不加標點的話，就稱為“缺少隔斷的句子”，這也是錯誤的。
Incorrect:
Time flies when we are having fun, we are always having fun. (Comma splice)
（逗號連句）
Time flies when we are having fun we are always having fun. (Run-on sentence)
（缺少隔斷的句子）
Correct:
Time flies when we are having fun; we are always having fun.
OR
Time flies when we are having fun, and we are always having fun. (Comma is optional because both strong clauses are short.)
在這句句子中，逗號可加可不加，因為兩句強分句都是短句
OR
Time flies when we are having fun. We are always having fun.
Rule 15
If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, do not use a comma.
如果在第二個并列動詞前，省略主語的話，在動詞前不加逗號
Example:
He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly.
Rule 16
Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines.
如果直接引語少于三行，則在加逗號（若在引語前插于內容，則在引語前加逗號；若在引語中插入內容，則在該內容左右兩邊加逗號）
Examples:
He actually said, "I do not care."
"Why," I asked, "do you always forget to do it?"
Rule 17
Use a comma to separate a statement from a question.
在陳述句和問句之間加逗號
Example:
I can go, can't I?
Rule 18
Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence.
用逗號隔開句子中對比的部分
Example:
That is my money, not yours.
Rule 19
Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes.
當句子由導詞（如“well”、“now”、“yes”）開始時，使用逗號
Examples:
Yes, I do need that report.
Well, I never thought I'd live to see the day…
Rule 20
Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as interrupters.
當在句子中插入“therefore”、“however”等詞時，該詞的左右兩邊加逗號
Examples:
I would, therefore, like a response.
I would be happy, however, to volunteer for the Red Cross.
Rule 21
Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items. Use a comma after the introductory word.
在使用導詞（如“namely”、“that is”、“i.e.”、“for example”、“e.g.”、“for instance”等）列舉事物時，在該詞前面加逗號或分號，后面加逗號。
Examples:
You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
OR
You may be required to bring many items; e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
NOTE: i.e. means that is; e.g. means for example
注意：“i.e.”的意思是“that is”；“e.g.”的意思是“for example” |
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發表于 2012-10-30 21:26
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