關(guān)于英語(yǔ)中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)——如果覺(jué)得標(biāo)點(diǎn)很簡(jiǎn)單,那可能就錯(cuò)了.

!感-杠-問(wèn)? · 發(fā)表于 2012-11-1 20:03

jr8967 發(fā)表于 2012-11-1 15:22
都是你翻譯的？

是

!感-杠-問(wèn)? · 發(fā)表于 2012-11-1 20:29

本帖最后由 !感-杠-問(wèn)? 于 2012-11-1 20:58 編輯

Apostrophes撇號(hào)

Rule 1
Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed.
用撇號(hào)表示單詞的縮寫(xiě)。撇號(hào)通常意味著有些字母被省略了。
Examples:
don't, isn't
You're right.
She's a great teacher.

Rule 2
Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe before the s to show singular possession.
用撇號(hào)表示所有格。在“s”的前面加撇號(hào)，表示單數(shù)名詞的所有格。
Examples:
one boy's hat
one woman's hat
one actress's hat
one child's hat
Ms. Chang's house
NOTE: Although names ending in s or an s sound are not required to have the second s added in possessive form, it is preferred.
注意：以“s”或發(fā)音為“s”結(jié)果的單數(shù)名詞，其所有格最好在其后再加一個(gè)“s”
Examples:
Mr. Jones's golf clubs
Texas's weather
Ms. Straus's daughter
Jose Sanchez's artwork
Dr. Hastings's appointment (name is Hastings)
Mrs. Lees's books (name is Lees)

Rule 3
Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
用撇號(hào)表示所有格時(shí)，若其后名詞可以推測(cè)而知，可省略該名詞
Example:
This was his father's, not his, jacket.

Rule 4
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the apostrophe.
表示復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格時(shí)，首先把單詞名詞寫(xiě)成復(fù)數(shù)，然后再加撇號(hào)
Examples:
two boys' hats two women's hats
two actresses' hats
two children's hats
the Changs' house
the Joneses' golf clubs
the Strauses' daughter
the Sanchezes' artwork
the Hastingses' appointment
the Leeses' books

Rule 5
Do not use an apostrophe for the plural of a name.
撇號(hào)不是用來(lái)表示姓名的復(fù)數(shù)形式的
Examples:
We visited the Sanchezes in Los Angeles.
The Changs have two cats and a dog.

Rule 6
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 's at the end of the word.
單數(shù)復(fù)合名詞的所有格，在最后一個(gè)單詞后加“'s”
Example:
my mother-in-law's hat

Rule 7
If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe.
如果符合名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，則先寫(xiě)出復(fù)數(shù)名詞，然后再加撇號(hào)
Example:
my two brothers-in-law's hats

Rule 8
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
如果兩個(gè)人同時(shí)擁有一個(gè)事物，則在第二個(gè)人名后加撇號(hào)和“s”
Examples:
Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood.
Cesar's and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates separate ownership.
這說(shuō)明兩個(gè)人各自所有
Cesar and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates joint ownership of more than one contract.
這說(shuō)明兩個(gè)人共同所有

Rule 9
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, whose. They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.
永遠(yuǎn)不要在物主代詞（“his”、“hers”、“its”、“theirs”、“ours”、“yours”、“whose”）后面加撇號(hào)。這些詞語(yǔ)已經(jīng)表示所有格了，所以就不用再加撇號(hào)
Correct:
This book is hers, not yours.
Incorrect:
Sincerely your's.

Rule 10
The only time an apostrophe is used for it's is when it is a contraction for it is or it has.
“it's”只可能表示“it is”或“it has”的縮寫(xiě)
Examples:
It's a nice day.
It's your right to refuse the invitation.
It's been great getting to know you.

Rule 11
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
由大寫(xiě)字母或數(shù)字構(gòu)成的名詞，表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)不用加撇號(hào)
Examples:
She consulted with three M.D.s.
BUT
She went to three M.D.s' offices.
The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.
這里的撇號(hào)表示復(fù)數(shù)所有格
She learned her ABCs.
the 1990s not the 1990's
the '90s or the mid-'70s not the '90's or the mid-'70's
She learned her times tables for 6s and 7s.
Exception: Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear otherwise.
例外：只有當(dāng)大寫(xiě)字母或數(shù)字表意不清時(shí)，用撇號(hào)
Examples:
Please dot your i's.
You don't mean is.
意思不是“is”
Ted couldn't distinguish between his 6's and 0's.
You need to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of zero or it will look like the word Os. To be consistent within a sentence, you would also use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of 6's.
使用撇號(hào)表示“zero”的復(fù)數(shù)，否則這個(gè)詞看起來(lái)就有點(diǎn)像“Os”，為了使整句句子看起來(lái)比較整齊，因此同樣使用這種方法表示復(fù)數(shù)“6's”

Rule 12
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word).
在動(dòng)名詞（后綴“-ing”）前使用，表示所有格
Examples:
Alex's skating was a joy to behold.
This does not stop Joan's inspecting of our facilities next Thursday.

Rule 13
If the gerund has a pronoun in front of it, use the possessive form of that pronoun.
如果動(dòng)名詞前有代詞，使用該代詞的物主代詞
Examples:
I appreciate your inviting me to dinner. I appreciated his working with me to resolve the conflict.

!感-杠-問(wèn)? · 發(fā)表于 2012-11-1 20:57

Hyphens連字符

Hyphens Between Words
單詞之間的連字符
Rule 1
To check whether a compound noun is two words, one word, or hyphenated, you may need to look it up in the dictionary. If you can't find the word in the dictionary, treat the noun as separate words.
如果要想知道一個(gè)復(fù)合名詞，到底是兩個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的詞組，還是一個(gè)單詞，或者用連字符連接，都需要在字典中查詢。如果無(wú)法在字典中找到，那就用分開(kāi)的單詞表示復(fù)合名詞
Examples:
eyewitness, eye shadow, eye-opener
NOTE: All these words had to be looked up in the dictionary to know what to do with them!
注意：所有這一類的詞，都必須先查詢字典，才能知道如何使用

Rule 2
Phrases that have verb, noun, and adjective forms should appear as separate words when used as verbs and as one word when used as nouns or adjectives.
對(duì)于有動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞形式的詞組，單詞分開(kāi)寫(xiě)表示動(dòng)詞，合起來(lái)寫(xiě)表示名詞或形容詞
Examples:
The engine will eventually break down. (verb)
We suffered a breakdown in communications. (noun)
Please clean up your room. (verb)
That Superfund site will require specialized cleanup procedures. (adjective)

Rule 3
Compound verbs are either hyphenated or appear as one word. If you do not find the verb in the dictionary, hyphenate it.
復(fù)合動(dòng)詞可以用連字符連接，也可以不加連字符直接合成一個(gè)詞。如果在字典中找不到這個(gè)動(dòng)詞，那就用連字符連接
Examples:
To air-condition the house will be costly.
We were notified that management will downsize the organization next year.

Rule 4
Generally, hyphenate between two or more adjectives when they come before a noun and act as a single idea.
通常而言，用連字符連接多個(gè)形容詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作名詞定語(yǔ)時(shí)，視作一個(gè)整體
Examples:
friendly-looking man
(compound adjective in front of a noun)
（復(fù)合形容詞作名詞定語(yǔ)）
friendly little girl
(not a compound adjective)
（不是復(fù)合形容詞）
brightly lit room
(Brightly is an adverb describing lit, not an adjective.)
（“brightly”是一個(gè)副詞，用來(lái)修飾“l(fā)it”，不是形容詞）

Rule 5
When adverbs not ending in -ly are used as compound words in front of a noun, hyphenate. When the combination of words is used after the noun, do not hyphenate.
如果不是以“l(fā)y”結(jié)尾的副詞被用作復(fù)合詞作名詞定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連字符連接。如果用在名詞之后，則不用連字符。
Examples:
The well-known actress accepted her award.
Well is an adverb followed by another descriptive word. They combine to form one idea in front of the noun.
“well”是副詞，后面跟了另一個(gè)修飾性詞匯。他們共同組成一個(gè)整體，修飾名詞。
The actress who accepted her award was well known.
Well known follows the noun it describes, so no hyphen is used.
“well known”在所形容的名詞之后，所以就不用連字符
A long-anticipated decision was finally made.
He got a much-needed haircut yesterday.
His haircut was much needed.

Rule 6
Remember to use a comma, not a hyphen, between two adjectives when you could have used and between them.
如果在兩個(gè)形容詞間能加“and”，那么在這兩個(gè)形容詞間用逗號(hào)，而不是連字符
Examples:
I have important, classified documents.
Jennifer received a lovely, fragrant bouquet on Valentine's Day.

Rule 7
Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
從“twenty-one”到“ninety-nine”的所有復(fù)合數(shù)字都要用連字符
Examples:
The teacher had thirty-two children in her classroom.
Only twenty-one of the children were bilingual.

Rule 8
Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.
用單詞表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，用連字符連接
Examples: You need one-third of a cup of sugar for that recipe.
More than one-half of the student body voted for removing soda machines from campus.

Hyphens with Prefixes
表示前綴的連字符
Rule 1
The current trend is to do away with unnecessary hyphens. Therefore, attach most prefixes and suffixes onto root words without a hyphen.
目前的趨勢(shì)是，刪去不必要的連字符。因此，在原詞基礎(chǔ)上加前后綴時(shí)，大部分情況下都不要用連字符
Examples:
noncompliance
copayment
semiconscious
fortyish

Rule 2
Hyphenate prefixes when they come before proper nouns.
專有名詞與前綴間用連字符連接
Example:
un-American

Rule 3
Hyphenate prefixes ending in an a or i only when the root word begins with the same letter.
如果前綴以“a”或“i”結(jié)尾，而原詞也是以同樣的字母開(kāi)頭時(shí)，兩者間加連字符
Examples:
ultra-ambitious
semi-invalid

Rule 4
When a prefix ends in one vowel and a root word begins with a different vowel, generally attach them without a hyphen.
如果前綴以原音結(jié)尾，原詞以原音開(kāi)頭，一般不用連字符連接
Examples:
antiaircraft
proactive

Rule 5
Prefixes and root words that result in double e's and double o's are usually combined to form one word.
如果前綴和原詞連接后，有雙寫(xiě)的“e”或“o”，通常直接連接
Examples:
preemployment
coordinate
Exceptions:
例外：
de-emphasize
co-owner

Rule 6
Hyphenate all words beginning with self except for selfish and selfless.
前綴“self”后必須加連字符，除了“selfish”、“selfless”
Examples:
self-assured
self-respect
self-addressed

Rule 7
Use a hyphen with the prefix ex.
前綴“ex”后使用連字符
Example:
His ex-wife sued for nonsupport.

Rule 8
Use the hyphen with the prefix re only when: the re means again AND omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with another word.
只有當(dāng)前綴“re”表示“again”的意思，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義時(shí)，才在“re”后加連字符
Examples:
Will she recover from her illness?
Re does not mean again.
“re”不表示“again”
I have re-covered the sofa twice.
Re does mean again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義
The stamps have been reissued.
Re means again but would not cause confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，但沒(méi)有連字符也不會(huì)有歧義
I must re-press the shirt.
Re means again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義

!感-杠-問(wèn)? · 發(fā)表于 2012-11-1 21:14

本帖最后由 !感-杠-問(wèn)? 于 2012-11-1 21:35 編輯

Dashes橫杠（破折號(hào)）
There are many uses of the en and em dash . The following explanations offer the most common uses and methods for forming these dashes.
“en”橫杠和“em”橫杠的用法很多，以下只介紹最為常用的方法。

En Dash
An en dash, roughly the width of an n, is a little longer than a hyphen. It is used for periods of time when you might otherwise use to.
“en”橫杠的長(zhǎng)度差不多就是“n”的寬度，比連字符稍長(zhǎng)一些。使用這個(gè)符號(hào)表示時(shí)段，作用相當(dāng)于“to”
Examples:
The years 2001–2003
January–June
An en dash is also used in place of a hyphen when combining open compounds.
當(dāng)用連字符表示假性復(fù)合詞時(shí)，也可用“en”橫杠替換連字符
Examples:
North Carolina–Virginia border
a high school–college conference

Em Dash
An em dash is the width of an m. Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal writing, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought.
“em”橫杠的長(zhǎng)度是“m”的寬度。在正式寫(xiě)作中，不要大量使用“em”橫杠。在非正式寫(xiě)作中，“em”橫杠可用來(lái)替代：逗號(hào)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)、圓括號(hào)，表示補(bǔ)充強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋說(shuō)明、話題轉(zhuǎn)化。
Examples:
You are the friend—the only friend—who offered to help me.
Never have I met such a lovely person—before you.
I pay the bills—she has all the fun.
A semicolon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用分號(hào)
I need three items at the store—dog food, vegetarian chili, and cheddar cheese.
Remember, a colon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處冒號(hào)
My agreement with Fiona is clear—she teaches me French and I teach her German.
Again, a colon would work here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用冒號(hào)
Please call my agent—Jessica Cohen—about hiring me.
Parentheses or commas would work just fine here instead of the dashes.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用圓括號(hào)或逗號(hào)，而非橫杠
I wish you would—oh, never mind.
This shows an abrupt change in thought and warrants an em dash.
這里確實(shí)應(yīng)該使用“em”橫杠，表示話題轉(zhuǎn)化
While there are many more possible uses of the em dash, by not providing additional rules, I am hoping to curb your temptation to employ this convenient but overused punctuation mark.
盡管還有許多關(guān)于“em”橫杠的用法，但是此處不再提供其他的使用準(zhǔn)則。因?yàn)椋@個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符合太方便了，導(dǎo)致已經(jīng)濫用，本文不建議過(guò)度使用這個(gè)符號(hào)。

以上。（完）

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