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以下的內容是自己從“學術論文寫作”這本書上總結來的,希望對大家復習主觀閱讀的答題有幫助,除了這些以外,大家復習和答題的時候可以想想我們語文閱讀是如何答題的。無非是一些老的套路,比如本段為后文做了鋪墊,文章前后呼應,或者本段的描述引起了讀者的興趣,等等。希望10年的研友能夠順利通過考試,加油了~
Writing to argue
1 logical appeal
2 emotional appeal
3 ethical appeal
Writings that focus on explaining concepts usually share the following characteristics:
1 the concept is well-focused
2 the main point is clearly stated
3 the organization is logical
4 it appeals to reader’s interest
5 it uses accurate, reliable, and authoritative sources
Five basic organization patterns
1 general-to-specific/ abstract-to-concrete (explanatory)
2 specific-to-general/ concrete-to-abstract (introduction)
3 order of importance (least-to-most or most-to-least) (persuasive or argumentative)
4 chronological order (narrative)
5 spatial order (descriptive writings or explanatory)
Others:
Whole-to-parts, familiar-to-unfamiliar, old-to-new, easy-to-difficult, simple-to-complex
Introduction: (types)
1 narrative 2 descriptive 3 preparatory 4 inquisitive 5 corrective 6 stating a problem
7 giving a surprising fact or statistics 8 using a striking quote
Conclusion:
1 restating the main parts
2 referring back to the thesis (and the introduction)
3 suggesting a solution, further study, or predicting an outcome
4 giving a humorous comment or unexpected twist
5 using a striking or memorable quote
Strategies for development:
1 definition 2 classification 3 example 4 comparison and contrast 5 cause and effect
6 generalization 7 visual elements
Definition:1 sentence definition 2 extended definition 3 historical definition 4 stipulative definition
The three steps involved in classification:1 choosing the principles to classify 2 testing the effectiveness 3 explaining each subgroup
Three simple rules of example or illustration:1 relevant examples 2 specific examples 3 sufficient examples
Comparison & contrast: to compare is to bring out the similarities between two or three things for examination; to contrast, which is a form of comparison, is to emphasize the differences between them.
Two basic steps:
1 identifying the points for comparison and contrast
2 choosing an effective way to organize the similarities and difference
Two ways for organizing comparison and contrast:
1 subject-by-subject
2 point-by-point
Transitional words and phrases:
For comparison (similarities)
Both…and…, also, too, in the same way, likewise, similarly, just as…so…
For contrast (differences)
On the other hand, in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, different, however, the opposite of
Causes & effect:
Three steps: distinguish, access, organize
Transitional words and phrases:
Causes:
Because, the reason…, the cause…, one of the reasons, one of the causes, due to…, thanks to…, since…
Effects:
As a result, consequently, one result is…, one of the results is…, thus, therefore…
Good writings:
1 unity: all parts or elements of the writing constituting an organic and harmonious whole
2 coherence: all parts or elements well connected to show clear logical relations
(causal, contrastive, hierarchical, parallel etc.)
3 emphasis: special and significant stress given to important ideas by means of position, repetition, or other indication
4 development: adequate elaboration and sufficient expansion
5 clarity: precise, concise, and lucid in style.
What is your purpose in writing?
1 to form 2 to explain 3 to impact the reader’s behavior
4 to change their mind about something controversial
How to write a summary:
One way of writing an effective summary is to give a one-sentence summary of each of the paragraphs of the reading, then, integrate the sentence-long summaries into a coherent whole by filling in connections between ideas so that the summary flows.
一些寫作手法:
counterexamples反例 analogy類比 rhetorical question反問 quote引用 similar明喻
personification擬人 pun雙關 metaphor暗喻 hyperbole夸張 parallel construction排比 |
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發表于 2009-5-7 18:51
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