震驚世界的五個(gè)哲學(xué)家（中英圖文）----申請精華哦

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Dangerous Minds

5 Philosophers Who Shocked the World

　　Who says great minds think alike? Great minds think nothing alike. To make it big as a philosopher, you have to say something so new and different that it shocks people into paying attention. Here are five controversial philosophers who risked being arrested, deported, and even executed because of their radical ideas.
　　

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　危險(xiǎn)的頭腦：震驚世界的5個(gè)哲學(xué)家

簡介
　　誰說英雄所見略同？英雄所見根本不同。如果想要成為一個(gè)像哲學(xué)家這樣重量級(jí)的人物，你就必須做到語不驚人死不休。

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Philosopher #1: Socrates, the Questioner


　　A poor stonemason, Socrates (469–399 bce) spent his free time wandering around Athens asking questions like How do you know whether something is true or false? and Why do you live the kind of life you do? Socrates’ questions inspired others—including a burly young wrestler named Plato—to follow him around and ask him questions. And so philosophy was born. But not everyone thought all of this questioning was a good thing. Fearing that Socrates encouraged immorality and disloyalty, the Greek bigwigs put him on trial. In his defense, Socrates offered a remark that has stood as the motto of philosophy ever since: “An unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates’ trial resulted in a death sentence, making him history’s first martyr to free thought.

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第一位哲學(xué)家：詢問者蘇格拉底

　　蘇格拉底（469-399 BC）本是一個(gè)窮石匠，在閑暇時(shí)間，他會(huì)信步于雅典的街道，向人們提問一些問題，比如“你怎么知道事情的對錯(cuò)？” 或者“你為什么過現(xiàn)在這樣的生活？” 蘇格拉底的問題啟發(fā)了周圍的人，包括一個(gè)名叫柏拉圖的長得很結(jié)實(shí)的年輕摔跤手，他們追隨著他，并且反過來向他提問題。哲學(xué)就這樣誕生了。但是并不是所有的人都認(rèn)為他這種問東問西的做法是件好事。由于害怕蘇格拉底會(huì)誘導(dǎo)傷風(fēng)敗俗和不忠不信，希臘貴族將他送上了法庭。蘇格拉底在為自己辯護(hù)時(shí)所說的一句話從此成了哲學(xué)的警句：“未經(jīng)審視的生活是毫無價(jià)值的”。審訊的結(jié)果是蘇格拉底被判死刑，這也使他成了歷史上第一個(gè)為自由思想而殉道的人。

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Philosopher #2: Niccolò Machiavelli, the Schemer

　　When your name becomes a synonym for evil scheming, you know you’ve hit the philosophical big time. Such is the fate of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)， a Florentine diplomat whose big yet simple idea really messed with everyone’s minds. In his b**, Machiavelli examines what rulers actually do to maintain power. He finds that they lie, manipulate, steal, and kill their way to the top, and if you want to be a good ruler, you have to be prepared to do these things too. Machiavelli isn’t necessarily defending or recommending this behavior; he’s just reporting the facts. In true Machiavellian fashion, the author was canny enough to wait until he was dead to publish his book, which has outraged readers (and inspired schemers) ever since.

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第二位哲學(xué)家：陰謀家尼科洛·馬基雅弗利


　　如果你的名字成了陰謀的代名詞，那就說明在哲學(xué)領(lǐng)域你已成了大人物了。尼科洛·馬基雅弗利（1469-1527）的命運(yùn)就是如此。這位佛羅倫薩外交官的貌似簡單的大理論著實(shí)把世人的頭腦折磨了一番。在他的《君主論》一書中，馬基雅弗利審視了統(tǒng)治者是如何保住自己的權(quán)力的。他發(fā)現(xiàn)他們通過謊言、玩弄權(quán)術(shù)、偷竊和鏟除異己而到達(dá)權(quán)力的頂峰；他同時(shí)得出結(jié)論，如果一個(gè)人想要成為一個(gè)好的統(tǒng)治者，那他也得做好準(zhǔn)備這樣做。馬基雅弗利并不一定是在推崇這些做法，或者為之辯解；他只是實(shí)話實(shí)說。如果說馬基雅弗利也玩了一把陰謀的話，那就是他狡猾地選擇在自己死后再發(fā)表這本書，這本書發(fā)表后一直使它的讀者感到憤慨（但同時(shí)也讓陰謀家們找到了靈感）。

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Philosopher #3: Thomas Hobbes, the Realist

　　Today Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) is lauded as one of the founders of political science. In his own lifetime, however, his books were banned and burned, and he was forced to flee multiple countries to save his neck—all because of Leviathan. In this, his most famous b**s that people are fundamentally selfish and aggressive and will only curtail their natural nastiness out of fear of a powerful leader. He softened this grim view by saying that the leader should be someone whom people agree should hold power, not simply the strongest guy around. Now known as the social contract, this notion irked those in power, since it implied that monarchs need the consent of the people to be legitimate. Hobbes’s work became the fountainhead of all liberal revolutionary movements for the next 300 years

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第三位哲學(xué)家：現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者托馬斯·霍布斯


　　今天，托馬斯·霍布斯被推崇為政治科學(xué)的奠基人之一，但是在他的有生之年，他的書不是被禁就是被焚，為了保住自己的項(xiàng)上人頭，他不得不逃往數(shù)個(gè)國家，這一切都是拜他的《利維坦》一書所賜。在這部他最著名的著作中，霍布斯認(rèn)為，從本質(zhì)上講，人都是自私和富有攻擊性的，而且只有出于對強(qiáng)有力的統(tǒng)治者的懼怕才會(huì)收斂自己的天然惡性。為了沖淡一下自己的這種悲觀的世界觀，他又接著說，統(tǒng)治者應(yīng)該是大家公認(rèn)的應(yīng)該掌權(quán)的人，而不僅僅是拳頭最大的那個(gè)。這就是現(xiàn)在眾所周知的“社會(huì)契約”理論。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)使當(dāng)權(quán)者煩惱不堪，因?yàn)檫@意味著君主們需要得到人民的認(rèn)可才能維持其合法性。霍布斯的著作在三百年內(nèi)一直是所有自由革命運(yùn)動(dòng)的理論源泉。

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Philosopher #4: Karl Marx, the Communist


　　A radical political thinker who became an even more radical self-taught economist, Karl Marx (1818–1883) was hounded out of France, Belgium, and then France again. Today he is remembered (or reviled, depending on your view) as the father of communism. Marx’s body of work is vast, but its most infamous highlights are Capital and The Communist Manifesto. The former explains how capitalism works, especially how it exploits the working classes. The latter urges workers to unite for the overthrow of world capitalism. While the transformation he called for didn’t happen in his own lifetime, Russia and China, among others, experienced successful communist revolutions in the 20th century. Even noncommunist countries like the United States adopted many of Marx’s socialist ideas, including free education and a graduated income tax. Marx hasn’t lost his capacity to scare people: in 2005, a conservative magazine named the Manifesto the most dangerous book ever written.

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第四位哲學(xué)家：共產(chǎn)主義者卡爾·馬克思

　　卡爾·馬克思（1818-1883）是一個(gè)激進(jìn)的政治思想家，更激進(jìn)的愛學(xué)成才的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，曾經(jīng)兩次被法國驅(qū)逐出境，一次被比利時(shí)驅(qū)逐出境。今天，他因?yàn)槭枪伯a(chǎn)主義之父而受到緬懷（或者斥責(zé)，這取決于你的政治觀點(diǎn)）。馬克思一生著作頗豐，但是其中最有名的是《資本論》和《共產(chǎn)主義宣言》這兩本書。前者分析了資本主義的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程，尤其是它如何剝削工人階級(jí)。后者則敦促工人聯(lián)合起來推翻全世界的資本主義制度。雖然在他的有生之年他所呼吁的變革并沒有發(fā)生，但是在二十世紀(jì)，俄羅斯、中國以及其他一些國家，成功地實(shí)踐了共產(chǎn)主義革命。即使是美國這種非共產(chǎn)主義國家也采納了很多馬克思的社會(huì)主義理論，包括義務(wù)教育和累進(jìn)收入稅。直到今日，馬克思仍然沒有失去其威脅性：2005年，一份保守雜志命名《宣言》一書為有史以來最危險(xiǎn)的書。