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2021年英語一真題及答案（二） 2022年全國研究生考試即將到來，英語考試是每年的重頭戲，最后的復習時間里，大家一定要多刷題，練手感，小編今日為大家準備了2021年考研英語一的真題以及答案詳解，我們一起來看看閱讀理解部分，以下是閱讀部分試題及答案。
閱讀理解試題 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1 How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. ...? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. ...The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, ..., more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21. The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______. A. will ease train operators’ burden B. has kept pace with inflation C. is a big surprise to commuters D. remains an unreasonable measure
答案 【答案】D(remains an unreasonable measure) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞rail passengers fares定位到第一段①句。①句沒有體現作者的觀點，因此往下看一句，定位到②句：It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual ... imposing a significant extra burden on those...由grimly(冷酷地，討厭地)和a significant extra burden(一個巨大的額外負擔)可知，作者對鐵路乘客車費上漲的態度是負面的。再根據題干關鍵詞this year’s increase定位到第一段③句：This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.(今年平均2.7%的上漲，也許比去年的上漲稍微低一些，但是它仍然遠遠高于官方消費者物價指數衡量的通貨膨脹程度)。由此進一步確定車費上漲是unreasonable(不合理的)。所以本題選D。
22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for ______.
A. car drivers B. rail travellers C. local investors D. ordinary taxpayers
答案 【答案】B(rail travellers) 【解析】本題為例證題。根據題干關鍵詞stockbroker定位到例子所在句，即第二段②句：Why ... should a car-driving pensioner ... have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker...?(為什么一個開車的養老金領取者必須要補貼一個股票經紀人的日常通勤呢?)再找到前面的論點句：Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer(歷屆政府允許這種上漲，因為投資和運營鐵路網的成本應該由使用它的人們來承擔，而不是一般納稅人)。這段論述認為，沒有使用鐵路網的一般納稅人如開車的養老金領取者不應該承擔鐵路網成本，使用鐵路網的人如股票經紀人才應該承擔此成本。定位句中的stockbroker指的就是論點句中的those who use it。所以本題選B。
23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators ______.
A. are offering compensation to commuters B. are trying to repair relations with the unions C. have failed to provide an adequate service D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
答案 【答案】C(have failed to provide an adequate service) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞train operators定位到第三段②句：It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel(火車運營商宣揚他們對鐵路網作出的改進無可非議，但考慮到乘客如今為出行支付的大量費用，他們理應能夠期待基本水平的服務)。可見，火車運營商沒能提供合格的服務。所以本題選C。
24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.
A. the loss of investment B. the collapse of operations C. a reduction of revenue D. a change of ownership
答案 【答案】D(a change of ownership) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞If unable to calm down passengers定位到第四段④句：The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order(國有化的威脅也許暫時可以避免，但是，如果乘客的正當憤怒不能被立即解決，這種威脅會卷土重來)。If unable to calm down passengers是if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order的同義表達?？梢?，如果鐵路公司不能讓乘客鎮靜下來，鐵路公司將會面臨國有化的威脅，即所有權的變更。所以本題選D。
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? B. Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work C. Can Nationalisation Bring Hope? D. Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
答案 【答案】D(Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable) 【解析】本題為主旨大意題。文章首段提出鐵路乘客車費再次上漲的問題，即文章討論的主題;二段簡單闡述歷屆政府允許車費上漲的理由;三至四段聚焦于乘客所付車費和享受到的服務不對等的問題，作者認為乘客應該受到補償，英國鐵路服務標準必須得到保障，并指出如果服務得不到保障，乘客將不會無止境地支付更多車費。D項中的Ever-Rising Fares(不斷上漲的車費)是文章討論的主題，Aren’t Sustainable(是不可持續的)是作者的觀點。D項完整地概括了全文內容。所以本題選D。
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. ... In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ...
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, ..., “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ______. A. facilitate health care reform B. help poor families get better off C. improve local education systems D. lower deforestation rates
答案 【答案】B(help poor families get better off) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞first two paragraphs，CCT programs和aim to定位到第二段②句，其中aim to對應are designed to：Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty。help poor families get better off是對break the cycle of poverty的同義替換。所以本題選B。
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ______.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
答案 【答案】D(economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation) 【解析】本題為例證題。根據題干關鍵詞The study based on an area in Mexico定位到第四段③句，再找到前面的論點句：That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty。所以本題選D。
點擊空白答題丨淡出動畫 28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss D. the role of its forests in climate change
答案 【答案】C(the relation of CCTs to its forest loss) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞Indonesia和Ferraro，并結合題文同序原則定位到第五段②句：Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation。the relation of CCTs to its forest loss是對Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation的同義替換，其中CCTs對應Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program，forest loss對應deforestation。所以本題選C。
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that ______.
A. it will benefit other Asian countries B. it will reduce regional inequality C. it can protect the environment D. it can boost grain production
答案 【答案】C(it can protect the environment) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞Ferraro，program和valuable定位到第八段④句：Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”。由④句可知，Ferraro認為“即使CCT項目不能減少貧困，僅就二氧化碳排放量而言，避免森林砍伐的價值也超過了該項目的成本”。故可推知Ferraro認為CCT項目能夠保護環境，因此具有重要價值。所以本題選C。
30. What is the text centered on? A. The effects of a program. B. The debates over a program. C. The process of a study. D. The transferability of a study.
答案 【答案】A(The effects of a program.) 【解析】本題為主旨大意題。文章首段由印度尼西亞的rate of deforestation has slowed in pace(森林砍伐速度下降)以及推動該轉變的antipoverty program(扶貧項目)引出話題;隨后二至四段指出旨在扶貧的CCT項目重視經濟發展，這可能會對環境產生不良影響;五至八段作者借經濟學家Ferraro的研究指出，CCT項目其實有助于減少森林砍伐量，反而對保護環境有積極影響。故本文集中討論了CCT項目對于環境的effects(影響)，A項符合。所以本題選A。
Text 3
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, ... How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, .., and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ______. A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography
答案 【答案】A(changed people’s impression of the Victorians) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞Paragraph 1和the author’s posts on Twitter定位到第一段②句：I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir。③句進一步解釋stir，即People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh。A項changed people’s impression of the Victorians是對該句的概括。所以本題選A。
32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians. B. They are rare among photographs of that age. C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions. D. They show effects of different exposure times.
答案 【答案】B(They are rare among photographs of that age.) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞the Victorian portraits he has collected定位到第二段①句中的my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900。They are rare among photographs of that age是對makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900的概括總結。所以本題選B。
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness. B. Their tension before the camera. C. Their distrust of new inventions. D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
答案 【答案】D(Their unhealthy dental condition.) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s定位到第四段②句Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile。該句指出在19世紀90年代，自然的微笑相對容易捕捉，因此需要尋找其他的原因。緊接著第五段作出另一種可能的解釋，其中第五段②句中的before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene說明了口腔衛生狀況常常令人震驚，導致維多利亞人拍照時不露齒笑，對應了Their unhealthy dental condition。所以本題選D。
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.
A. a deep-rooted belief B. a misguided attitude C. a controversial view D. a thought-provoking idea
答案 【答案】A(a deep-root belief) 【解析】本題為例證題。根據題干關鍵詞Mark Twain定位到第六段②句，該句引用了Mark Twain的具體話語。再向前尋找他所要證明的觀點，從而定位到第六段①句A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class，即“露齒微笑缺少修養”，這是一種根深蒂固的觀念，對應A項a deep-root belief。所以本題選A。
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs? B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs? C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period? D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
答案 【答案】A(Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?) 【解析】本題為主旨大意題。全文前兩段提出維多利亞時代人們拍照時普遍不會微笑這一現象，接下來第三段至第六段分別從曝光時間，牙齒健康狀況以及固有觀念這三方面分析現象背后的原因，因此A項Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?是對原文主旨的概括。所以本題選A。
Text 4
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals’. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would ______. A. bring web-based firms under control B. slow down the traffic on their network C. show partiality in treating clients D. intensify competition with their rivals
答案 【答案】C(show partiality in treating clients) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞long been concern that broadband providers定位到第一段①句：From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals，題干中long與文中From the early days of broadband對應，concern與worried對應，the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections與broadband providers對應。show partiality in treating clients(不公平對待客戶)是對favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals(相對于競爭對手的網站和服務，它們偏袒自己或合作伙伴的)的合理推斷。所以本題選C。
37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC ______.
A. sticks to an out-of-date order B. takes an anti-regulatory stance C. has issued a special resolution D. has allowed the states to intervene
答案 【答案】B(takes an anti-regulatory stance) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞neutrality rules和the FCC定位到第二段③④句，且由④⑤句The Republican-penned order … The order also …可知，⑤句與④句并列。③句指出“在哥倫比亞特區巡回上訴法院問題的焦點是FCC針對網絡中立性的最新觀點”;④句闡釋FCC的最新觀點(其中句首The Republican-penned order字面意思為“由共和黨執筆的規定”，根據④句提到的when it had a Democratic majority in 2015，即“2015年民主黨人占FCC的多數”可推知，The Republican-penned order出臺時共和黨人占FCC的多數，故The … order指代“FCC的規定”，也即③句所述FCC的最新觀點)：不僅取消了嚴格的網絡中立性規則，而且拒絕了該委員會要求寬帶提供商除了披露其服務信息之外做其他任何事情的權力;⑤句補充指出：該規定還宣布州和地方政府也不能監管寬帶提供商。綜上可推知，FCC采取反監管立場。所以本題選B。 【注】本題也可借助第五段首句提到的the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality(FCC試圖阻止所有關于網絡中立性的州規)解題，據此推知FCC的立場是“反對監管”。
38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A. It protects against unfair competition. B.It engages in anti-competitive practices. C. It is under the FCC’s investigation. D. It is in pursuit of quality service.
答案 【答案】B(It engages in anti-competitive practices.) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞AT&T定位到第三段①句：The commission argued that the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice would protect consumers and websites against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV。由such as引出事例的功能可知，a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service...是以AT&T為例，對anti-competitive behavior(反競爭行為)予以說明，因此可知AT&T參與了反競爭行為。所以本題選B。
39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision ______.
A. focuses on trivialities B. conveys an ambiguous message C. is at odds with its earlier rulings D. is out of touch with reality
答案 【答案】D(is out of touch with reality) 【解析】本題為細節題。根據題干關鍵詞Judge Patricia Millett定位到第四段②句：But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said...，結合①句(On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order...)可知，引號中the result指代題干中的the appeals court’s decision。is out of touch with reality(脫離現實)是對is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service(脫離了現代寬帶服務的現實)的同義替換。所以本題選D。
40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality. B. The FCC should be put under strict supervision. C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services. D. Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
答案 【答案】A(Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.) 【解析】本題為推斷題。根據the last paragraph定位到最后一段。本段首句指出“沒完沒了的法律斗爭和聯邦通信委員會的反反復復迫切需要國會采取行動”，第二句進一步介紹國會應采取的行動(句首It指代Congress)：需要給予委員會明確的權力，一勞永逸地禁止寬帶提供商干預其網絡上的流量，并制定明確的規則來保護網絡的開放性和創新。Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality(國會需要采取行動確保網絡中立)是對本段內容的合理推斷，其中take action與首句中act對應，to ensure net neutrality是對to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online的概括總結。所以本題選A | 
發表于 2021-10-12 12:03
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