震驚世界的五個哲學家（中英圖文）----申請精華哦

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Dangerous Minds

5 Philosophers Who Shocked the World

　　Who says great minds think alike? Great minds think nothing alike. To make it big as a philosopher, you have to say something so new and different that it shocks people into paying attention. Here are five controversial philosophers who risked being arrested, deported, and even executed because of their radical ideas.
　　

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天才哲學家！！[em:18]

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第五位哲學家：挑戰者弗里德里希·尼采

　　弗里德里希·尼采（1844-1900）本來是要成為一個路德教派的牧師的，所以當他宣布“上帝已死”時，他的母親肯定傷透了心。（所幸當納粹從尼采的書中得到啟發時，老人家早已謝世多年了）。尼采是一個非常復雜的思想家，他的著作涉獵領域很廣，但是他的最富爭議的論斷都是與道德有關的。他認為，西方文明已經失去了對一種更高權威的任何真實的信仰（這也是他所說的上帝已死的意思），他宣稱，我們需要拋棄與猶太-基督教生活有關的那些舊式道德，去更熱情地擁抱我們自己的自然創造力。尼采的哲學對那些敢于過富裕、充實生活的人是一個挑戰，對那些被宗教困擾的人是一種啟迪，而對那些不受宗教困擾的人則是一種威脅。

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Philosopher #5: Friedrich Nietzsche, the Challenger

　　Raised to be a Lutheran minister, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) no doubt disappointed his mother when he declared “God is dead” (and it’s a good thing she was long gone by the time the Nazis drew inspiration from Nietzsche’s books)。 Nietzsche was an extremely complex thinker who wrote on a wide variety of subjects, but his most controversial arguments concern morality. Arguing that Western civilization has lost any real faith in a higher power (that’s what he means about God being dead)， Nietzsche claimed that we need to toss off the antiquated morality that went with Judeo-Christian life and embrace our natural creative powers more fully. A challenge to readers to be brave enough to live rich, full lives, Nietzsche’s philosophy still serves as an inspiration to those who are frustrated with religion and a threat to those who aren’t.

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第四位哲學家：共產主義者卡爾·馬克思

　　卡爾·馬克思（1818-1883）是一個激進的政治思想家，更激進的愛學成才的經濟學家，曾經兩次被法國驅逐出境，一次被比利時驅逐出境。今天，他因為是共產主義之父而受到緬懷（或者斥責，這取決于你的政治觀點）。馬克思一生著作頗豐，但是其中最有名的是《資本論》和《共產主義宣言》這兩本書。前者分析了資本主義的運轉過程，尤其是它如何剝削工人階級。后者則敦促工人聯合起來推翻全世界的資本主義制度。雖然在他的有生之年他所呼吁的變革并沒有發生，但是在二十世紀，俄羅斯、中國以及其他一些國家，成功地實踐了共產主義革命。即使是美國這種非共產主義國家也采納了很多馬克思的社會主義理論，包括義務教育和累進收入稅。直到今日，馬克思仍然沒有失去其威脅性：2005年，一份保守雜志命名《宣言》一書為有史以來最危險的書。

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Philosopher #4: Karl Marx, the Communist


　　A radical political thinker who became an even more radical self-taught economist, Karl Marx (1818–1883) was hounded out of France, Belgium, and then France again. Today he is remembered (or reviled, depending on your view) as the father of communism. Marx’s body of work is vast, but its most infamous highlights are Capital and The Communist Manifesto. The former explains how capitalism works, especially how it exploits the working classes. The latter urges workers to unite for the overthrow of world capitalism. While the transformation he called for didn’t happen in his own lifetime, Russia and China, among others, experienced successful communist revolutions in the 20th century. Even noncommunist countries like the United States adopted many of Marx’s socialist ideas, including free education and a graduated income tax. Marx hasn’t lost his capacity to scare people: in 2005, a conservative magazine named the Manifesto the most dangerous book ever written.