Periods句號(hào) Rule 1
Use a period at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement.
在一句完整陳述句的句末使用，以表示句子結(jié)束。 Example: I know that you would never break my trust intentionally.
Rule 2
If the last word in the sentence ends in a period, do not follow it with another period.
如若最后一個(gè)單詞以句號(hào)（點(diǎn)）結(jié)束，則句末不再重復(fù)添加句號(hào)。 Examples: I know that M.D. She is my sister-in-law. Please shop, cook, etc. I will do the laundry.
Rule 3
Use the period after an indirect question.
間接引語(yǔ)后用句號(hào)。 Example: He asked where his suitcase was.
作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 21:37 Ellipsis Marks省略號(hào)
Use ellipsis marks when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage.
如果有省略內(nèi)容時(shí)，使用省略號(hào)。省略的內(nèi)容包括：?jiǎn)卧~、詞組、句子、段落，或者在引用文章中某些內(nèi)容時(shí)的非引用內(nèi)容
Rule 1
Use no more than three marks whether the omission occurs in the middle of a sentence or between sentences.
省略號(hào)后不能加句號(hào)（點(diǎn)） Example: Original sentence: The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime or risk losing federal funds." Rewritten using ellipses: The regulation states, "All agencies must document overtime..." NOTE: With the three-dot method, you may leave out punctuation such as commas that were in the original.
注意：省略號(hào)前后可以省略其他標(biāo)點(diǎn)（如逗號(hào)等） Example: Original sentence from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Rewritten using ellipses: "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth...a new nation, conceived in liberty..."
Rule 2
When you omit one or more paragraphs within a long quotation, use ellipsis marks after the last punctuation mark that ends the preceding paragraph.
當(dāng)省略引文中的其他內(nèi)容時(shí)，在最后一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)后加省略號(hào)作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 22:32 本帖最后由 !感-杠-問(wèn)? 于 2012-11-1 21:34 編輯
Commas逗號(hào) Rule 1
To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more.
為了避免誤解，用逗號(hào)來(lái)隔斷單詞或詞組，以表示并列 Example: My $10million estate is to be split among my husband, daughter, son, and nephew. Omitting the comma after son would indicate that the son and nephew would have to split one-third of the estate.
Rule 2
Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them.
用于兩個(gè)形容詞之間，此時(shí)逗號(hào)可以用“and”替代 Examples: He is a strong, healthy man. We stayed at an expensive summer resort. You would not say expensive and summer resort, so no comma.
在上述句子的兩個(gè)形容詞間不能加逗號(hào)，因?yàn)榇颂幉荒苡谩癮nd”替代逗號(hào)
Rule 3
Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives.
在以“l(fā)y”結(jié)尾的形容詞和之后其他形容詞之間加逗號(hào) Examples: Felix was a lonely, young boy. I get headaches in brightly lit rooms.Brightly is not an adjective because it cannot be used alone with rooms; therefore, no comma is used between brightly and lit.
因?yàn)椤癰rightly”不是形容詞（它不能用來(lái)直接形容“rooms”），因此不用在“brightly”和“l(fā)it”之間加逗號(hào)
Rule 4
Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed.
在直接稱呼某人的名字或職稱時(shí)，在其前（或左右兩邊）加入逗號(hào) Examples: Will you, Aisha, do that assignment for me? Yes, Doctor, I will. NOTE: Capitalize a title when directly addressing someone. 注意：當(dāng)用職稱稱呼人時(shí)，首字母大寫(xiě)
Rule 5a
Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year.
在日期中，“日”與“年”之間加逗號(hào)，年份后加逗號(hào) Example: Kathleen met her husband on December 5, 2003, in Mill Valley, California.
Rule 5b
If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma.
在日期中，如果沒(méi)有“日”，年份前后都不用加逗號(hào) Example: They met in December 2003 in Mill Valley.
Rule 6
Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. If you use the two-letter capitalized form of a state in a document, you do not need a comma after the state.
在地點(diǎn)中，“城市名”與“州名”之間加逗號(hào)，“州名”后加逗號(hào)。但如果使用州的縮寫(xiě)（兩個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母），則其后不用加逗號(hào) NOTE: With addresses on envelopes mailed via the post office, do not use any punctuation. 注意：在信封上，地址中不加任何標(biāo)點(diǎn) Examples: I lived in San Francisco, California, for 20 years. I lived in San Francisco, CA for 20 years.
Rule 7
Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longer required around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth.
當(dāng)姓名后跟有頭銜時(shí)，頭銜左后兩邊加逗號(hào)。在“Jr.”和“Sr.”的左右兩邊不用加逗號(hào)。絕不要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)“II”、“III”等羅馬數(shù)字。 Example: Al Mooney, M.D., knew Sam Sunny Jr. and Charles Starr III.
Rule 8
Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow.
用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)插入語(yǔ) Example: I am, as you have probably noticed, very nervous about this.
Rule 9
When starting a sentence with a weak clause, use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause followed by a weak clause.
弱分句后跟強(qiáng)分句時(shí)，之間加逗號(hào)。反之則不加。 Examples: If you are not sure about this, let me know now. Let me know now if you are not sure about this.
Rule 10
Use a comma after phrases of more than three words that begin a sentence. If the phrase has fewer than three words, the comma is optional.
如果句子由短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭，當(dāng)短語(yǔ)字?jǐn)?shù)大于3字時(shí)，其后使用逗號(hào)。反之則可加可不加。 Examples: To apply for this job, you must have previous experience. On February 14 many couples give each other candy or flowers. OR On February 14, many couples give each other candy or flowers.
Rule 11
If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered nonessential and should be surrounded by commas.
如果某個(gè)事物已經(jīng)很清楚，跟在其后的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明是不必要的，則補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的左右兩邊加逗號(hào) Examples: Freddy, who has a limp, was in an auto accident.Freddy is named, so the description is not essential.
在這句句子中，“Freddy”的名字已經(jīng)列出，所有其后的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明是不必要的 The boy who has a limp was in an auto accident. We do not know which boy is being referred to without further description; therefore, no commas are used.
在這句句子中，如果沒(méi)有補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，就不知道這個(gè)男孩到底是哪一個(gè)，因此不需要用逗號(hào)
Rule 12
Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction--and, or, but, for, nor. You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short.
在并列連詞（“and”、“or”、“but”、“for”、“nor”等）連接的兩個(gè)強(qiáng)分句間，用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。如果兩個(gè)分句是短句的話，可以省略逗號(hào)。 Examples: I have painted the entire house, but he is still working on sanding the doors.I paint and he writes.
Rule 13
Use the comma to separate two sentences if it will help avoid confusion.
為了避免誤解，可以在兩個(gè)句子之間加逗號(hào) Examples: I chose the colors red and green, and blue was his first choice.
Rule 14
A comma splice is an error caused by joining two strong clauses with only a comma instead of separating the clauses with a conjunction, a semicolon, or a period. A run-on sentence, which is incorrect, is created by joining two strong clauses without any punctuation.
“逗號(hào)連句”是錯(cuò)誤的。所謂“逗號(hào)連句”即：在兩句強(qiáng)分句間，不使用連詞，而直接使用逗號(hào)的情況。這種情況下，應(yīng)用分號(hào)或句號(hào)隔開(kāi)兩個(gè)句子（分句）。而如果在兩個(gè)強(qiáng)分句間，不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)的話，就稱為“缺少隔斷的句子”，這也是錯(cuò)誤的。 Incorrect: Time flies when we are having fun, we are always having fun. (Comma splice)
（逗號(hào)連句） Time flies when we are having fun we are always having fun. (Run-on sentence)
（缺少隔斷的句子） Correct: Time flies when we are having fun; we are always having fun. OR Time flies when we are having fun, and we are always having fun. (Comma is optional because both strong clauses are short.)
在這句句子中，逗號(hào)可加可不加，因?yàn)閮删鋸?qiáng)分句都是短句 OR Time flies when we are having fun. We are always having fun.
Rule 15
If the subject does not appear in front of the second verb, do not use a comma.
如果在第二個(gè)并列動(dòng)詞前，省略主語(yǔ)的話，在動(dòng)詞前不加逗號(hào) Example: He thought quickly but still did not answer correctly.
Rule 16
Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines.
如果直接引語(yǔ)少于三行，則在加逗號(hào)（若在引語(yǔ)前插于內(nèi)容，則在引語(yǔ)前加逗號(hào)；若在引語(yǔ)中插入內(nèi)容，則在該內(nèi)容左右兩邊加逗號(hào)） Examples: He actually said, "I do not care." "Why," I asked, "do you always forget to do it?"
Rule 17
Use a comma to separate a statement from a question.
在陳述句和問(wèn)句之間加逗號(hào) Example: I can go, can't I?
Rule 18
Use a comma to separate contrasting parts of a sentence.
用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)句子中對(duì)比的部分 Example: That is my money, not yours.
Rule 19
Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes.
當(dāng)句子由導(dǎo)詞（如“well”、“now”、“yes”）開(kāi)始時(shí)，使用逗號(hào) Examples: Yes, I do need that report. Well, I never thought I'd live to see the day…
Rule 20
Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as interrupters.
當(dāng)在句子中插入“therefore”、“however”等詞時(shí)，該詞的左右兩邊加逗號(hào) Examples: I would, therefore, like a response. I would be happy, however, to volunteer for the Red Cross.
Rule 21
Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items. Use a comma after the introductory word.
在使用導(dǎo)詞（如“namely”、“that is”、“i.e.”、“for example”、“e.g.”、“for instance”等）列舉事物時(shí)，在該詞前面加逗號(hào)或分號(hào)，后面加逗號(hào)。 Examples: You may be required to bring many items, e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. OR You may be required to bring many items; e.g., sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. NOTE:i.e. means that is; e.g. means for example 注意：“i.e.”的意思是“that is”；“e.g.”的意思是“for example”作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 22:45 Semicolons分號(hào) Rule 1
Use a semicolon in place of a period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out.
如果想把兩句句子連起來(lái)，又不加連詞的話，使用分號(hào)連接 Examples: Call me tomorrow; I will give you my answer then. I have paid my dues; therefore, I expect all the privileges listed in the contract.
Rule 2
It is preferable to use a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, however, therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they introduce a complete sentence. It is also preferable to use a comma after the introductory word.
在使用導(dǎo)詞（如“namely”、“however”、“therefore”、“that is”、“i.e.”、“for example”、“e.g.”、“for instance”等）跟一個(gè)完整的句子時(shí)，最好在導(dǎo)詞前加分號(hào)，導(dǎo)詞后加逗號(hào)。 Examples: You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing will make the trip better. As we discussed, you will bring two items; i.e., a sleeping bag and a tent are not optional.
Rule 3
Use either a semicolon or a comma before introductory words such as namely, however, therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they introduce a list following a complete sentence. Use a comma after the introductory word.
在使用導(dǎo)詞（如“namely”、“however”、“therefore”、“that is”、“i.e.”、“for example”、“e.g.”、“for instance”等）跟列舉內(nèi)容（以解釋說(shuō)明之前的句子）時(shí)，在導(dǎo)詞前加分號(hào)或逗號(hào)，導(dǎo)詞后加逗號(hào)。 Examples: You will want to bring many backpacking items; for example, sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. You will want to bring many backpacking items, for example, sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing.
Rule 4
Use the semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas.
如果有多個(gè)內(nèi)容并列，且這些內(nèi)容內(nèi)還有細(xì)分的并列時(shí)，細(xì)分并列用逗號(hào)，粗分并列用分號(hào) Example: This conference has people who have come from Boise, Idaho; Los Angeles, California; and Nashville, Tennessee.
Rule 5
Use the semicolon between two sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.
當(dāng)要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)加連詞連接兩個(gè)句子，而前面的句子中已經(jīng)有逗號(hào)時(shí)，使用分號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子 Examples: When I finish here, I will be glad to help you; and that is a promise I will keep. If she can, she will attempt that feat; and if her husband is able, he will be there to see her.作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 23:14 本帖最后由 !感-杠-問(wèn)? 于 2012-11-1 19:51 編輯
Colons冒號(hào) Rule 1
Use the colon after a complete sentence to introduce a list of items when introductory words such as namely, for example, or that is do not appear.
如果要在完整句子后跟列舉內(nèi)容，而不使用導(dǎo)詞（如“namely”、“for example”、“that is”等）時(shí)，用冒號(hào)連接 Examples: You may be required to bring many items: sleeping bags, pans, and warm clothing. I want the following items: butter, sugar, and flour. I want an assistant who can do the following: (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3) complete tax forms.
Rule 2
A colon should not precede a list unless it follows a complete sentence; however, the colon is a style choice that some publications allow.
一般，當(dāng)列舉的內(nèi)容不是完整的句子時(shí)，不用冒號(hào)。但也有出版物會(huì)使用冒號(hào)，這取決于文章風(fēng)格及作者習(xí)慣。 Examples: If a waitress wants to make a good impression on her customers and boss, she should (a) dress appropriately, (b) calculate the bill carefully, and (c) be courteous to customers. There are three ways a waitress can make a good impression on her boss and her customers:
(a) Dress appropriately.
(b) Calculate the bill carefully.
(c) Be courteous to customers. I want an assistant who can (1) input data, (2) write reports, and (3) complete tax forms.
Rule 3
Capitalization and punctuation are optional when using single words or phrases in bulleted form. If each bullet or numbered point is a complete sentence, capitalize the first word and end each sentence with proper ending punctuation. The rule of thumb is to be consistent.
在單詞或詞組的選項(xiàng)中，第一個(gè)單詞的首字母大寫(xiě)小寫(xiě)均可，句末標(biāo)點(diǎn)有無(wú)均可。但如果是完整句子的選項(xiàng)，句首字母必須大寫(xiě)，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的句子最后都要加合適的標(biāo)點(diǎn)。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)要遵循經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則。 Examples: I want an assistant who can do the following:
(a) input data,
(b) write reports, and
(c) complete tax forms. The following are requested:
(a) Wool sweaters for possible cold weather.
(b) Wet suits for snorkeling.
(c) Introductions to the local dignitaries. OR The following are requested:
(a) wool sweaters for possible cold weather
(b) wet suits for snorkeling
(c) introductions to the local dignitaries NOTE: With lists, you may use periods after numbers and letters instead of parentheses. 注意：如果是列舉，則使用“數(shù)字+句號(hào)”的格式表示列舉順序，而不要使用“左括號(hào)+字母+右括號(hào)”的格式 These are some of the pool rules:
1. Do not run.
2. If you see unsafe behavior, report it to the lifeguard.
3. Have fun!
Rule 4
Use a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences. If only one sentence follows the colon, do not capitalize the first word of the new sentence. If two or more sentences follow the colon, capitalize the first word of each sentence following.
如果第二句句子起到解釋說(shuō)明第一句句子的作用，并且兩句子間沒(méi)有連詞，用冒號(hào)而不是分號(hào)連接兩句句子。如果冒號(hào)后只有一句句子解釋說(shuō)明前面的句子，則冒號(hào)后句子的首字母不要大寫(xiě)；如果冒號(hào)后有多個(gè)句子解釋說(shuō)明前面的句子，則冒號(hào)后每句句子的首字母都要大寫(xiě)。 Examples: I enjoy reading: novels by Kurt Vonnegut are among my favorites. Garlic is used in Italian cooking: It greatly enhances the flavor of pasta dishes. It also enhances the flavor of eggplant.
Rule 5
Use the colon to introduce a direct quotation that is more than three lines in length. In this situation, leave a blank line above and below the quoted material. Single space the long quotation. Some style manuals say to indent one-half inch on both the left and right margins; others say to indent only on the left margin. Quotation marks are not used.
如果引語(yǔ)內(nèi)容多于三行，則用冒號(hào)引出。這時(shí)，在引用內(nèi)容的上下都留一行空行，以體現(xiàn)引用內(nèi)容的完整性。引用的內(nèi)容都要左縮進(jìn)1.5英尺，是否需要右縮進(jìn)則因人而異，試習(xí)慣而定。引用的內(nèi)容不用加引號(hào)。 Example: The author of Touched, Jane Straus, wrote in the first chapter:
(blank line)
（空行） Georgia went back to her bed and stared at the intricate patterns of burned moth wings in the translucent glass
of the overhead light. Her father was in “hyper mode” again where nothing could calm him down.
He’d been talking nonstop for a week about remodeling projects, following her around the house as she tried to
escape his chatter. He was just about to crash, she knew.
(blank line)
（空行）
Rule 6
Use the colon to follow the salutation of a business letter even when addressing someone by his/her first name. Never use a semicolon after a salutation. A comma is used after the salutation for personal correspondence.
在商業(yè)信件中，在臺(tái)頭即使稱呼了對(duì)方全名的第一個(gè)單詞，也都要在其后使用冒號(hào)。不要在稱呼后面加分號(hào)。在私人信件中，可以用逗號(hào)替代冒號(hào)。 Example: Dear Ms. Rodriguez:作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 23:18 Question Marks問(wèn)號(hào) Rule 1
Use a question mark only after a direct question.
在疑問(wèn)句后使用問(wèn)號(hào) Examples: Will you go with me? I asked if he would go with me.
Rule 2
Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question.
如果一個(gè)句子前半部分是陳述句，后半部分是疑問(wèn)句，則在句末使用問(wèn)號(hào) Example: You do care, don't you?作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 23:19 Exclamation Points感嘆號(hào) Rule
Use the exclamation point to show emphasis or surprise. Do not use the exclamation point in formal business writing.
用感嘆號(hào)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或吃驚。在正式的商業(yè)寫(xiě)作中，不要使用感嘆號(hào)。 Example: I'm truly shocked by your behavior!
作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 23:35 Quotation Marks引號(hào) Rule 1
Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks, even inside single quotes.
無(wú)論是單引號(hào)還是雙引號(hào)，句號(hào)和逗號(hào)總是在引號(hào)內(nèi)。 Examples: The sign changed from "Walk," to "Don't Walk," to "Walk" again within 30 seconds. She said, "Hurry up." She said, "He said, 'Hurry up.'"
Rule 2
The placement of question marks with quotes follows logic. If a question is in quotation marks, the question mark should be placed inside the quotation marks.
問(wèn)號(hào)的位置需要視情況而定。如果引用的內(nèi)容是問(wèn)句，則問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)內(nèi)。 Examples: She asked, "Will you still be my friend?" Do you agree with the saying, "All's fair in love and war"? Here the question is outside the quote.
在這句句子中，問(wèn)號(hào)在引號(hào)外 NOTE: Only one ending punctuation mark is used with quotation marks. Also, the stronger punctuation mark wins. Therefore, no period after war is used. 注意：引號(hào)前后總共只能使用一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)。如果想用多個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)，一般總是選用與句意更為貼切的標(biāo)點(diǎn)。因此，在這句句子中，“war”后面沒(méi)有加句號(hào)。
Rule 3
When you have a question outside quoted material AND inside quoted material, use only one question mark and place it inside the quotation mark.
如果引用內(nèi)容是問(wèn)句，引號(hào)外的句子也是問(wèn)句，則只使用一個(gè)問(wèn)號(hào)，且放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。 Example: Did she say, "May I go?"
Rule 4
Use single quotation marks for quotes within quotes. Note that the period goes inside all quote marks.
在引號(hào)內(nèi)還需引用時(shí)，用單引號(hào)。注意，如果句末同時(shí)出現(xiàn)（后）單引號(hào)、（后）雙引號(hào)和句號(hào)，則將句號(hào)置于兩個(gè)（后）引號(hào)前 Example: He said, "Danea said, 'Do not treat me that way.'"
Rule 5
Use quotation marks to set off a direct quotation only.
只能用引號(hào)分割直接引語(yǔ) Examples:
"When will you be here?" he asked. He asked when you will be there.
Rule 6
Do not use quotation marks with quoted material that is more than three lines in length. See Colons, Rule 5, for style guidance with longer quotes.
引用內(nèi)容超過(guò)3行時(shí)，不能使用引號(hào)。具體標(biāo)點(diǎn)的使用，詳見(jiàn)“冒號(hào)”的“Rule 5”。
Rule 7
When you are quoting something that has a spelling or grammar mistake or presents material in a confusing way, insert the term sic in italics and enclose it in brackets. Sic means, "This is the way the original material was."
如果引用的內(nèi)容有拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，或內(nèi)容意思不明時(shí)，插入“sic”這個(gè)符號(hào)，使用斜體并在其兩邊加方括號(hào)。“sic”的意思是“This is the way the original material was”（原文即如此） Example: She wrote, "I would rather die then [sic] be seen wearing the same outfit as my sister."
Should be than, not then.
應(yīng)該是“than”，而不是“then”作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-10-30 23:45 Parentheses圓括號(hào) Rule 1
Use parentheses to enclose words or figures that clarify or are used as an aside.
圓括號(hào)用來(lái)表示起到旁白作用的話 Examples: I expect five hundred dollars ($500). He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think) that he did not understand the question. Commas could have been used in the above example. Parentheses show less emphasis or importance.
在這句句子中，圓括號(hào)本可以替換為逗號(hào)，此處用圓括號(hào)是為了弱化強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣
Em dashes, which could also have been used instead of parentheses, show emphasis.
在這句句子中，圓括號(hào)本也可以替換為破折號(hào)，但是用破折號(hào)則是為了強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)氣
Rule 2
Use full parentheses to enclose numbers or letters used for listed items.
在并列時(shí)，在數(shù)字或字母左右加圓括號(hào) Example: We need an emergency room physician who can (1) think quickly, (2) treat patients respectfully, and (3) handle complaints from the public.
Rule 3
Periods go inside parentheses only if an entire sentence is inside the parentheses.
只有括號(hào)內(nèi)是句子時(shí)，才在括號(hào)內(nèi)用句號(hào) Examples: Please read the analysis (I enclosed it as Attachment A.). OR Please read the analysis. (I enclosed it as Attachment A.) OR Please read the analysis (Attachment A).作者: jr8967 時(shí)間: 2012-11-1 15:22
都是你翻譯的？作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-11-1 20:03
Rule 1
Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed.
用撇號(hào)表示單詞的縮寫(xiě)。撇號(hào)通常意味著有些字母被省略了。 Examples: don't, isn't You're right. She's a great teacher.
Rule 2
Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the apostrophe before the s to show singular possession.
用撇號(hào)表示所有格。在“s”的前面加撇號(hào)，表示單數(shù)名詞的所有格。 Examples: one boy's hat one woman's hat one actress's hat one child's hat Ms. Chang's house NOTE: Although names ending in s or an s sound are not required to have the second s added in possessive form, it is preferred. 注意：以“s”或發(fā)音為“s”結(jié)果的單數(shù)名詞，其所有格最好在其后再加一個(gè)“s” Examples: Mr. Jones's golf clubs Texas's weather Ms. Straus's daughter Jose Sanchez's artwork Dr. Hastings's appointment (name is Hastings) Mrs. Lees's books (name is Lees)
Rule 3
Use the apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied.
用撇號(hào)表示所有格時(shí)，若其后名詞可以推測(cè)而知，可省略該名詞 Example: This was his father's, not his, jacket.
Rule 4
To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Then immediately use the apostrophe.
表示復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格時(shí)，首先把單詞名詞寫(xiě)成復(fù)數(shù)，然后再加撇號(hào) Examples: two boys' hats two women's hats two actresses' hats two children's hats the Changs' house the Joneses' golf clubs the Strauses' daughter the Sanchezes' artwork the Hastingses' appointment the Leeses' books
Rule 5
Do not use an apostrophe for the plural of a name.
撇號(hào)不是用來(lái)表示姓名的復(fù)數(shù)形式的 Examples: We visited the Sanchezes in Los Angeles. The Changs have two cats and a dog.
Rule 6
With a singular compound noun, show possession with 's at the end of the word.
單數(shù)復(fù)合名詞的所有格，在最后一個(gè)單詞后加“'s” Example: my mother-in-law's hat
Rule 7
If the compound noun is plural, form the plural first and then use the apostrophe.
如果符合名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，則先寫(xiě)出復(fù)數(shù)名詞，然后再加撇號(hào) Example: my two brothers-in-law's hats
Rule 8
Use the apostrophe and s after the second name only if two people possess the same item.
如果兩個(gè)人同時(shí)擁有一個(gè)事物，則在第二個(gè)人名后加撇號(hào)和“s” Examples: Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood. Cesar's and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates separate ownership.
這說(shuō)明兩個(gè)人各自所有 Cesar and Maribel's job contracts will be renewed next year.
Indicates joint ownership of more than one contract.
這說(shuō)明兩個(gè)人共同所有
Rule 9
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, theirs, ours, yours, whose. They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.
永遠(yuǎn)不要在物主代詞（“his”、“hers”、“its”、“theirs”、“ours”、“yours”、“whose”）后面加撇號(hào)。這些詞語(yǔ)已經(jīng)表示所有格了，所以就不用再加撇號(hào) Correct: This book is hers, not yours. Incorrect: Sincerely your's.
Rule 10
The only time an apostrophe is used for it's is when it is a contraction for it is or it has.
“it's”只可能表示“it is”或“it has”的縮寫(xiě) Examples: It's a nice day. It's your right to refuse the invitation. It's been great getting to know you.
Rule 11
The plurals for capital letters and numbers used as nouns are not formed with apostrophes.
由大寫(xiě)字母或數(shù)字構(gòu)成的名詞，表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)不用加撇號(hào) Examples: She consulted with three M.D.s. BUT She went to three M.D.s' offices.
The apostrophe is needed here to show plural possessive.
這里的撇號(hào)表示復(fù)數(shù)所有格 She learned her ABCs. the 1990s not the 1990's the '90s or the mid-'70s not the '90's or the mid-'70's She learned her times tables for 6s and 7s. Exception: Use apostrophes with capital letters and numbers when the meaning would be unclear otherwise. 例外：只有當(dāng)大寫(xiě)字母或數(shù)字表意不清時(shí)，用撇號(hào) Examples: Please dot your i's.
You don't mean is.
意思不是“is” Ted couldn't distinguish between his 6's and 0's.
You need to use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of zero or it will look like the word Os. To be consistent within a sentence, you would also use the apostrophe to indicate the plural of 6's.
使用撇號(hào)表示“zero”的復(fù)數(shù)，否則這個(gè)詞看起來(lái)就有點(diǎn)像“Os”，為了使整句句子看起來(lái)比較整齊，因此同樣使用這種方法表示復(fù)數(shù)“6's”
Rule 12
Use the possessive case in front of a gerund (-ing word).
在動(dòng)名詞（后綴“-ing”）前使用，表示所有格 Examples: Alex's skating was a joy to behold. This does not stop Joan's inspecting of our facilities next Thursday.
Rule 13
If the gerund has a pronoun in front of it, use the possessive form of that pronoun.
如果動(dòng)名詞前有代詞，使用該代詞的物主代詞 Examples: I appreciate your inviting me to dinner. I appreciated his working with me to resolve the conflict.作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-11-1 20:57 Hyphens連字符
Hyphens Between Words 單詞之間的連字符 Rule 1
To check whether a compound noun is two words, one word, or hyphenated, you may need to look it up in the dictionary. If you can't find the word in the dictionary, treat the noun as separate words.
如果要想知道一個(gè)復(fù)合名詞，到底是兩個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成的詞組，還是一個(gè)單詞，或者用連字符連接，都需要在字典中查詢。如果無(wú)法在字典中找到，那就用分開(kāi)的單詞表示復(fù)合名詞 Examples: eyewitness, eye shadow, eye-opener NOTE: All these words had to be looked up in the dictionary to know what to do with them! 注意：所有這一類的詞，都必須先查詢字典，才能知道如何使用
Rule 2
Phrases that have verb, noun, and adjective forms should appear as separate words when used as verbs and as one word when used as nouns or adjectives.
對(duì)于有動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞形式的詞組，單詞分開(kāi)寫(xiě)表示動(dòng)詞，合起來(lái)寫(xiě)表示名詞或形容詞 Examples: The engine will eventually break down. (verb) We suffered a breakdown in communications. (noun) Please clean up your room. (verb) That Superfund site will require specialized cleanup procedures. (adjective)
Rule 3
Compound verbs are either hyphenated or appear as one word. If you do not find the verb in the dictionary, hyphenate it.
復(fù)合動(dòng)詞可以用連字符連接，也可以不加連字符直接合成一個(gè)詞。如果在字典中找不到這個(gè)動(dòng)詞，那就用連字符連接 Examples: To air-condition the house will be costly. We were notified that management will downsize the organization next year.
Rule 4
Generally, hyphenate between two or more adjectives when they come before a noun and act as a single idea.
通常而言，用連字符連接多個(gè)形容詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作名詞定語(yǔ)時(shí)，視作一個(gè)整體 Examples: friendly-looking man
(compound adjective in front of a noun)
（復(fù)合形容詞作名詞定語(yǔ)） friendly little girl
(not a compound adjective)
（不是復(fù)合形容詞） brightly lit room
(Brightly is an adverb describing lit, not an adjective.)
（“brightly”是一個(gè)副詞，用來(lái)修飾“l(fā)it”，不是形容詞）
Rule 5
When adverbs not ending in -ly are used as compound words in front of a noun, hyphenate. When the combination of words is used after the noun, do not hyphenate.
如果不是以“l(fā)y”結(jié)尾的副詞被用作復(fù)合詞作名詞定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連字符連接。如果用在名詞之后，則不用連字符。 Examples: The well-known actress accepted her award. Well is an adverb followed by another descriptive word. They combine to form one idea in front of the noun.
“well”是副詞，后面跟了另一個(gè)修飾性詞匯。他們共同組成一個(gè)整體，修飾名詞。 The actress who accepted her award was well known. Well known follows the noun it describes, so no hyphen is used.
“well known”在所形容的名詞之后，所以就不用連字符 A long-anticipated decision was finally made. He got a much-needed haircut yesterday. His haircut was much needed.
Rule 6
Remember to use a comma, not a hyphen, between two adjectives when you could have used and between them.
如果在兩個(gè)形容詞間能加“and”，那么在這兩個(gè)形容詞間用逗號(hào)，而不是連字符 Examples: I have important, classified documents. Jennifer received a lovely, fragrant bouquet on Valentine's Day.
Rule 7
Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.
從“twenty-one”到“ninety-nine”的所有復(fù)合數(shù)字都要用連字符 Examples: The teacher had thirty-two children in her classroom. Only twenty-one of the children were bilingual.
Rule 8
Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions.
用單詞表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，用連字符連接 Examples: You need one-third of a cup of sugar for that recipe. More than one-half of the student body voted for removing soda machines from campus.
Hyphens with Prefixes 表示前綴的連字符 Rule 1
The current trend is to do away with unnecessary hyphens. Therefore, attach most prefixes and suffixes onto root words without a hyphen.
目前的趨勢(shì)是，刪去不必要的連字符。因此，在原詞基礎(chǔ)上加前后綴時(shí)，大部分情況下都不要用連字符 Examples: noncompliance copayment semiconscious fortyish
Rule 2
Hyphenate prefixes when they come before proper nouns.
專有名詞與前綴間用連字符連接 Example: un-American
Rule 3
Hyphenate prefixes ending in an a or i only when the root word begins with the same letter.
如果前綴以“a”或“i”結(jié)尾，而原詞也是以同樣的字母開(kāi)頭時(shí)，兩者間加連字符 Examples: ultra-ambitious semi-invalid
Rule 4
When a prefix ends in one vowel and a root word begins with a different vowel, generally attach them without a hyphen.
如果前綴以原音結(jié)尾，原詞以原音開(kāi)頭，一般不用連字符連接 Examples: antiaircraft proactive
Rule 5
Prefixes and root words that result in double e's and double o's are usually combined to form one word.
如果前綴和原詞連接后，有雙寫(xiě)的“e”或“o”，通常直接連接 Examples: preemployment coordinate Exceptions: 例外： de-emphasize co-owner
Rule 6
Hyphenate all words beginning with self except for selfish and selfless.
前綴“self”后必須加連字符，除了“selfish”、“selfless” Examples: self-assured self-respect self-addressed
Rule 7
Use a hyphen with the prefix ex.
前綴“ex”后使用連字符 Example: His ex-wife sued for nonsupport.
Rule 8
Use the hyphen with the prefix re only when: the re means again AND omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with another word.
只有當(dāng)前綴“re”表示“again”的意思，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義時(shí)，才在“re”后加連字符 Examples: Will she recover from her illness? Re does not mean again.
“re”不表示“again” I have re-covered the sofa twice. Re does mean again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義 The stamps have been reissued. Re means again but would not cause confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，但沒(méi)有連字符也不會(huì)有歧義 I must re-press the shirt. Re means again AND omitting the hyphen would have caused confusion with another word.
“re”表示“again”，且沒(méi)有連字符會(huì)造成歧義作者: !感-杠-問(wèn)? 時(shí)間: 2012-11-1 21:14 本帖最后由 !感-杠-問(wèn)? 于 2012-11-1 21:35 編輯
Dashes橫杠（破折號(hào)）
There are many uses of the en and em dash . The following explanations offer the most common uses and methods for forming these dashes.
“en”橫杠和“em”橫杠的用法很多，以下只介紹最為常用的方法。
En Dash
An en dash, roughly the width of an n, is a little longer than a hyphen. It is used for periods of time when you might otherwise use to.
“en”橫杠的長(zhǎng)度差不多就是“n”的寬度，比連字符稍長(zhǎng)一些。使用這個(gè)符號(hào)表示時(shí)段，作用相當(dāng)于“to” Examples: The years 2001–2003 January–June
An en dash is also used in place of a hyphen when combining open compounds.
當(dāng)用連字符表示假性復(fù)合詞時(shí)，也可用“en”橫杠替換連字符 Examples: North Carolina–Virginia border a high school–college conference
Em Dash
An em dash is the width of an m. Use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal writing, em dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought.
“em”橫杠的長(zhǎng)度是“m”的寬度。在正式寫(xiě)作中，不要大量使用“em”橫杠。在非正式寫(xiě)作中，“em”橫杠可用來(lái)替代：逗號(hào)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)、圓括號(hào)，表示補(bǔ)充強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋說(shuō)明、話題轉(zhuǎn)化。 Examples: You are the friend—the only friend—who offered to help me. Never have I met such a lovely person—before you. I pay the bills—she has all the fun.
A semicolon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用分號(hào) I need three items at the store—dog food, vegetarian chili, and cheddar cheese.
Remember, a colon would be used here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處冒號(hào) My agreement with Fiona is clear—she teaches me French and I teach her German.
Again, a colon would work here in formal writing.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用冒號(hào) Please call my agent—Jessica Cohen—about hiring me.
Parentheses or commas would work just fine here instead of the dashes.
在正式寫(xiě)作中，此處用圓括號(hào)或逗號(hào)，而非橫杠 I wish you would—oh, never mind.
This shows an abrupt change in thought and warrants an em dash.
這里確實(shí)應(yīng)該使用“em”橫杠，表示話題轉(zhuǎn)化
While there are many more possible uses of the em dash, by not providing additional rules, I am hoping to curb your temptation to employ this convenient but overused punctuation mark.
盡管還有許多關(guān)于“em”橫杠的用法，但是此處不再提供其他的使用準(zhǔn)則。因?yàn)椋@個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符合太方便了，導(dǎo)致已經(jīng)濫用，本文不建議過(guò)度使用這個(gè)符號(hào)。
