2.互有過失碰撞條款bimco clauses(Both-to-Blame Collision Clause) (另:96,00,01,02,03,04)
If the Vessel comes into collision with another ship as a result of the negligence of the other ship and any act, neglect or default of the Master, Mariner, Pilot or the servants of the Carrier in the navigation or in the management of the Vessel, the owners of the cargo carried hereunder will indemnify the Carrier against all loss or liability to the other or non- carrying ship or her Owners in so far as such loss or liability represents loss of, or damage to, or any claim whatsoever of the owners of said cargo, paid or payable by the other or non-carrying ship or her Owners to the owners of said cargo and set-off, recouped or recovered by the other or non-carrying ship or her Owners as part of their claim against the carrying Vessel or Carrier. The foregoing provisions shall also apply where the Owners, operators or those in charge of any ship or ships or objects other than,or in addition to, the colliding ships or objects are at fault in respect of a collision or contact.
中文見莊煒海事法P112
6.航次租船合同中的“到達船舶”
如合同終止規定船舶應到達規定的港口,則船舶已經到達該港口,不論是否已靠泊,即視為到達船舶。如合同規定船舶必須到達合同規定的或者承租人根據合同指定的泊位,則船舶只有到達該泊位時,才視為到達船舶。在后一種合同中,出租人為了在港口擁擠等各種原因使得船舶不能立即靠泊時,避免等泊引起的時間損失,常常要求列入“到達即可靠泊”(Reachable on Arrival),“不論靠泊與否”(Whether in Berth or Not),或者“等待泊位所損失的時間記入裝貨時間”(Time lost waiting for berth to count as loading/discharging time)的規定。
2.海牙規則中的“管理貨物”的規定如何解釋?
Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.
(1)在這一規定中,“除第4條另有規定外”,是指海牙規則第4條第2款承運人免責事項的規定的效力高于本規定。具體而言,如果承運人與托運人約定,貨物的裝載、搬移、積載或者卸載由托運人負責,則根據海牙規則第4條第2款第(9)項承運人免責事項,即“貨物托運人或者貨主、其代理人或者代表的行為或者不行為”的規定,承運人便不負責貨物的裝載、搬移、積載或者卸載,以及不承擔因此造成的貨物滅失或者損壞的賠償責任。
(2)貨物的裝載、搬移、積載、保管、照料和卸載這七個承運人管理貨物的環節,包括貨物從裝船至卸船的整個過程。對于每一環節的具體含義,很難下定義。確定承運人管理貨物義務的關鍵是“妥善”與“謹慎”兩詞。所謂“妥善”,通常指技術上的要求,即承運人、船員或者其他受雇人員在管理貨物的各個環節中,應發揮通常要求的或者為所運貨物特殊要求的知識與技能,建立起有效的工作系統,比如建立一套調控艙內溫濕度的通風系統等。所謂“謹慎”,通常指責任心上的要求,即承運人、船員或者其他受雇人員在管理貨物的各個環節中,發揮作為一名能勝任貨物裝卸作業或者海上貨物運輸工作的人可預期表現出來的謹慎,客觀表現為采用通常合理的方法來處理貨物,比如不能在輕泡貨上壓重貨等。