五、如何閱讀（2005-2009風格比較統一，與2004年以前有大不同，出題思路都不一樣）
1、2005年真題閱讀
總評價：2005比2004以前的真題，風格和難度都有很大變化，因為第一次引入新題型。
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its r**came markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
A. posing a contrast.
B. justifying an assumption.
C. making a comparison.
D. explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that
A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.
C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
A. more inclined to weigh what they get.
B. attentive to researchers' instructions.
C. nice in both appearance and temperament.
D. more generous than their male companions
24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
A. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
B. can be taught to exchange things.
C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
D. are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
閱讀方法：先看21-25每道題都題干，注意是題干，不看選擇項。這樣看都好處是，大致了解文章要談到什么，可以很快的進入狀態。不看選擇項的原因，在于只有一個正確選項，其他3個是錯誤。這三個錯誤選項還有可能是文章中談到的。過早看了，可能會形成先入為主，自證自己正確都思維定勢。就是說不要受不必要的干擾。
接著，看文章。略讀和跳讀（scan and skip），注意不是精讀。很多人喜歡精讀。這也是大學四年考4、6級培養成的習慣。對于考研來說是錯誤的。我可以確切都說，喜歡精讀的人，再怎么提高英語也就是50-60左右的成績。對于考研英語閱讀量大，時間緊，難度大。精讀方法不適合。至于如何scan and skip，有時間我再講。這個有專門都訓練方法。
然后回頭做題。注意，一般到這一步時，一般是僅僅過了5-7分鐘左右時間。剩下時間都要花在回查原文和比較選擇項上。看21題，難度是0.246。說明難度挺高（難度分越低，說明越難，做對都人更少）我選了D.因為原文確實提出了一個人類身上發生都現象。但正確答案是C。因為這是文章都主題所在。此外，最后一句BUT，說明是個比較。這就是落入出題人都陷阱里了。
2、2006年真題閱讀
總評價：2006比2005難度降低，估計2005年的人考的不好。但完型和翻譯挺難，有點象2009.新題型難度不大。
Text 3
Text 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived, the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans。
That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative, one reason for this is that fishing technology has improved Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago that means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since to baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to de business.
31、The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
A、 large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment
B、 small species survived as large animals disappeared
C、 large sea animals may face the same threat today.
D、 Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
32、who can infer form Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that
A、 the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
B、 there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
C、 the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
D、 the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisherish than in the old
33、By saying these figures are conservative (line in ,paragragf-3), Dr worm means that
A、 fishing technology has improved rapidly
B、 then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
C、 the marine bio mass has suffered a greater loss
D、 the date collected so far are pit pf date.
34 、Dr Myers and other researchers hold that
A、people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time
B、fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
C、the ocean biomass should restored its original level.
D、people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
35、The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’
A、 management efficiency
B、 biomass level
C、 catch-size limits
D、 technological application.
做題方法同樣，一般一個文章在15分鐘之內做完。
32和35題是難題。其中32題難度是0.107.可怕都題，幾乎沒有人做對。主要都原因是對于“In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
”沒有讀懂。可以看出，幾乎每篇文章都有至少一兩道難題。做錯一個或兩個都在正常范圍內。
3、2007年真題
總評價：完型和作文難度大。老妖做了下完型，才得了5分。作文容易跑題，沒有文字提示。跟2009年作文題的問題一樣，太抽象。很多人有不同理解。
Text 2
For the past several years， the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant， who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old； that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies， to envision paper after it has been folded and cut， and to deduce numerical sequences， among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe （whose IQ is 100） as， What's the difference between love and fondness？ Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence？ It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly， intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it means to be smart？ How much of intelligence can be specified， and how much can we learn about it from neurology， genetics， computer science and other fields？
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score， even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms： the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales （both come in adult and children's version）。 Generally costing several hundred dollars， they are usually given only by psychologists， although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible， because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks， rather tan simply dividing the mental are by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests， such as the Scholastic Assessment Test （SAT） and the Graduate Record Exam （GRE）， capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life， argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing？”。 Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge， components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover， IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership sills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions， but under high-stress conditions. IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is it predicted the opposite. Anyone who bas toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters， whether it‘s knowing when to guess or what questions of skip.
[451 words]
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test？
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3？
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ tests？
照抄原文不是解 VS 同義轉換才是解
含義簡單不是解 VS 含義深刻才是解
通常意義不是解 VS 作者觀點才是解
具體的不是解 VS 抽象的才是解
謂之曰: 天龍八部....
其實,出題與答卷的過程就是一場心理的游戲,要想做對題,首先要知人心!
除了以上方法外，我補充一點，就是文章未提到的千萬別選.
具體到我引都TEXT 3。其中28題要注意干擾項C是題干的簡單重復，29題D out of date文章未提到。27題很多人做錯。其實C就是所謂都抽象的才是解。
4、2008年真題
總評價，難度最低的一年。作文還加了中文釋義，就是防止跑題。但是還有很多跑題。
Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes government-funded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
老妖做這題26、27、28全錯。主要因為是沒弄明白出題人心里。因為出題人跟05、06、07還不一樣。此外速度太快，大概8-10分鐘就做完了。
26題的C選項文中沒提到，我選了C，答案是D。27題C做法是同一轉換才是解，我選了B,B錯在effective沒提到。28題C是根據the value of knowledge來做都干擾項。我選了A，被干擾后選了C。
4、2009年真題
總評價：完型、翻譯很難。非常抽象，讀兩遍讀不懂。作文容易跑題，雖然給了中文釋義，但是很多人還是跑題了。作文第一篇很難。很多人做錯。
Text 1
沒有找到WORD，請見貼都照片。其中第一題是選B familiar 還是c mechanical有不同意見。先不說誰對誰錯，在正式答案出來之前，說什么都沒有意義。
只說，根據照抄原文不是解VS同義轉換才是解來看，b是原文中familiar routine都簡單照搬。這個題應該是問都routine轉換后的意思，所以C比B要象正確答案。
總之，說了那么多，最終還是要歸結到做題上，了解出題人思路上來。此外作文盡量不要背模板，現在判卷子老師比較反感模板。而且有模板最大都壞處是，先入為主，容易跑題。最后介紹個什么作**通用的一句話，just as a coin hase two sides，事物都有兩面性，政治講矛盾就是這個道理。不管作文出什么的題，都有兩面性。就比如2009的“遠”和“近”。不明白這個道理，其實還是不適合做一個研究生的。
:) :)
